Поэзия абсурда в европейском варианте: к теоретической постановке проблемы

Целью данной работы является выяснение основных понятий и положений типов комического в литературе абсурда. Задача формирования основы типологии комического в поэзии, прозе и драматургии европейского абсурда обусловливает новизну исследования

How doctors generate diagnostic hypotheses: a study of radiological diagnosis with functional magnetic resonance imaging.

In medical practice, diagnostic hypotheses are often made by physicians in the first moments of contact with patients; sometimes even before they report their symptoms. We propose that generation of diagnostic hypotheses in this context is the result of cognitive processes subserved by brain mechanisms that are similar to those involved in naming objects or concepts in everyday life

Thresholds and intransitivities in pairwise judgments: A multilevel analysis

The method of paired comparisons belongs to a small class of models that simultaneously allow for consistency checks of the response behavior of a person and the estimation of item parameters. As a result, the paired comparison technique is of much importance when there are reasons to expect that respondents have difficulties appraising their values or preferences about an issue of interest. This article presents a hierarchical framework for the analysis of paired comparison data with three response categories that allow judges to be indifferent or undecided. The approach can be viewed as a stochastic representation of Luce's (1956) semiorder. It facilitates statistical analyses of different types of inconsistent responses and yields new tests of the underlying judgmental process. An extensive analysis of a survey study illustrates the usefulness of a multilevel approach for modeling multiple trinary judgments

Two-level linear paired comparison models: estimation and identitiability issues

The method of paired comparisons became popular in psychological research with Thurstone's [Psychometrika 65 (1927) 233] demonstration that attitudes can be scaled along a one-dimensional continuum. Despite a large number of applications of this method over the years, it has been noted only recently that paired comparison data do not only contain information about item mean differences but are also useful for studying how individuals differ in their evaluative judgments. We show that a mixed-effects, generalized linear model is well-suited for investigating such individuals differences and present a Monte Carlo EM algorithm for parameter estimation. In addition, we discuss identification issues in the specifications of different covariance structures because they impose important constraints on the interpretation of model parameters. An extensive analysis of a value study employing ordinal paired comparison illustrates the proposed statistical framework. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved